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The image displays a tilted page from a textbook or medical document, featuring a diagram of heart valves and accompanying explanatory text. The primary subjects are anatomical illustrations of the mitral valve and the aortic valve, identified as the left ventricular valves in Figure 9-9. The mitral valve diagram shows its components: cusps, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles, with an arrow indicating the direction of blood flow through the valve. The aortic valve diagram also highlights its cusps, with an arrow showing blood flow out of the valve. The text describes heart physiology, specifically how strong heart contractions can decrease end-systolic volume to as little as 10 to 20 ml. Conversely, it explains that during diastole, ventricular end-diastolic volumes in a healthy heart can reach 150 to 180 ml. The text further notes that by manipulating both end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, stroke volume output can more than double, compared to normal. Visible text includes headings such as "UNIT III The Heart," "MITRAL VALVE," and "AORTIC VALVE," along with labels for valve structures. Partial text from adjacent columns discusses maintaining adequate cardiac output and blood flow. The image appears to be a photograph of the page, indicated by its slight angle and the visible texture of the paper. This media file was captured in Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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